Volcano Mount Vesuvius :: essays research papers

Mount Vesuvius is a vent located in grey Italy, near the bay of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland. Vesuvius rises to a height of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is probably the most famous volcano on earth, and is one of the most dangerous.Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed all over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that done for(p) Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified inthe eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a coarse period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They argon believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir frommineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions (CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O-CO.sub.2) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 degreesC, suggesting that these minerals crystallize at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 km.sup.3 wasinferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that much(prenom inal) a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography. The earliest outcropping volcanic deposits date back to about 25,000 years ago. The lavas observed at a -1125 m bore-hole are about 0,3-0,5 million years old. It is cognize for the first eruption of which an eyewitness account is preserved, in 79 AD. Geologically, Vesuvio is unique for its unusual versatility. Its activity ranging from Hawaiian-style release of liquid lava, fountaining and lava lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian activity to violently explosive, plinian events that realise pyroclastic flows and surges.

Mexico Versus United States Government :: essays research papers

The United States has no more important foreign relation ship than that of which it enjoys with Mexico, and vice versa. These devil countries share interwoven societies and economies. Although there have been disagreements and turbulence between the two countries, which partnership is without these? The Strength of each countrys democracy is fundamental to the differents. This relationship that the two countries share directly affects that lives of millions of Mexican and United States citizens everyday. Recently these two countries have become even more unified than ever before. Tackling issues such as Border Control, Countering Narcotics, Dealing with multiple Law enforcement agencies, Human Rights laws, trade and development, etc. There are many issues that they are mutually interested in and must deal with. Yet, there are some vast differences in which these two countries are run. There are also many similarities, which we must feature into account. Both Democratic Governmen ts have similar structures, containing a legislative, judicial, and executive branch. Yet, these structures are very different internally, containing specific duties that the other countrys branch may not have.The Executive Branch refers to the Presidential seat in both governments. The Presidency is a paramount institution, not only of the Mexican Government solely of the US Government as well. The Countries entire political system is positioned around the presidency. In the United States the President also serves as Commander in primary(prenominal) of the Armed Forces. The President appoints the cabinet and oversees the various agencies and departments of the Federal Government. The Executive Branch is checked by Congress which would be the Legislative Branch. In order for mortal to become President, he or she must be a natural -born citizen of the United States. He or she must be at least 35 years of age and must have resided in the US for at least fourteen years. Once elected , the President must serve a endpoint of four years, and may be re-elected only once. Now, the Executive Branch of the Mexican government is very similar to that of its neighbors, but there are some icy differences in the institution. Presidents are elected by a majority of registered voters in the thirty-one states and the Federal District. The President holds the formal titles of chief of state, head of government, and commander in chief of armed forces. The candidates must also be at least thirty-five years of age by election day.

Alcohol & Drug Abuse: A Psychobiological Trait In Human Societies Essay

IntroductionAnthropology can be defined as the science of physical, social, material, and cultural development of man, including his origin, evolution, distribution, customs, beliefs, and folkways. Anthropologists are concerned with the ways in which human being groups and communities bed with the immense changes in their physical and sociopolitical environments in recent decades. Today, many anthropologists feel the need to solve contemporary problems in society, not just study human existence.Specifically, the contemporary problem of drug and alcohol abuse is an issue of great importance worth examining for anthropologists as well as sociologists and other professionals who study factors that operate human behavior. For thousands of years people in nearly every culture have used drugs as medicines, to alter mental states as part of spiritual or social rituals, or simply for individual effects (Starr, 1997, p. 242).Cross&SHYCultural Definition of Drug and Alcohol Use/Abuse fit t o the Dictionary of Anthropology (1966), there is a good deal an elaborate symbolism involved in the choice of different social and ceremonial occasions (G.K.Hall & Co., p. 83). For example, manioc beer is the traditional drinking for a communal work party in many Amazonian native groups and is associated with sociability, family and communal life. Aquardiente liquor, which is obtained from the non&SHYnative patron, is reserved for less social drinking patterns and is often identified with aggressive behavior as fighting, for example. On the other hand, hallucinogen drugs are reserved for Shamanistic and religious occasions. They are a means of communicating with reality governed by Shamanistic spirits.All human groups possess a r... ...e, The Chimpanzees of Gombe, Belnap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1986. Heath, Dwight, Constructive Drinking, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA 1987. Heath, Dwight B, Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 1, America n case Publishing Co., Inc., Lakeville, CT 1996. Kottak, Conrad Philip, Cultural Anthropology, Mc Graw&SHYHill Publishing, Inc., upstart York 1994. Lee, Richard B., The Dobe Ju/hoansi, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Orlando 1993. Lisansky, Edith S., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 4., Collier and MacMillan, Inc, 1968. Murdock, George Peter, Our Primitive Contemporaries, The Mac Millan Co., Inc., New York 1934. Shell, Ellen Ruppel, Flesh and Bone, Discover, December, 1991. Starr, Cecie, Human Biology, Wadsworth Publishing Co, Belmont, California 1997.

M-16 :: essays research papers

The development of the M16 survive began with the research conducted at John Hopkins University in September of 1955. seek was conducted to question infantrymen, who fought in Korea, close their battle experiences as they pertain to firing their weapon. It was found that 95% of their firing was within 300 yards. Also, there were just as many lethal hits from un-aimed shoots as from aimed ones (it so happens that most of the interviewed were soldiers of the US Army, which may explain the inaccuracy). This information led the military to the conclusion that a .22 caliber hold out capable of selective fire would be most conducive to current battle tactics. The small caliber provides more control, and selective fire would enable a soldier to better control their RPM.With this information the military went to Eugene Stoner, a Marine Corps Veteran who started to design rifles after being decommissioned, and asked him if he was interested in designing a weapon based on their research. This was one of the better decisions that Uncle Sam made get a Marine to make a rifle that even Army boys can shoot. The requirements for the new weapon were that it had to weight less than 6 pounds loaded, it had to be a .22 caliber, it had to be selective fire capable and it had to be able to penetrate a steel helmet out to 500 meters. The rifle the military was using up to that date, the M14, was a heavy, .308 caliber, selective fire capable rifle. The benefits of a large caliber like the .308 NATO, which are longer range and greater penetration, were no,longer needed for close combat. The rifle has actually some major disadvantages (other than the fact that it weighed about as much as a bicycle). Due to its large caliber, when fired in full-automatic mode, the rifle recoils so much, that only the first one or devil bullets hit the target. Secondly, the large caliber means that the ammunition itself is quite heavy and large compared to an M16 round. This proved to be very heavy for the individual carrying the weapon. Its large surface and heavy weight make it difficult for soldiers to use during combat situations. The M-14 isnt all bad, though, it could literally blow somones head off, if you could hit him. It was very ordinary among soldiers due to its great reliability, It could be compared to an old truck loud, powerful, but damn hard to live with.

Equality vs. Athletics Essay -- Title IX Sports Women Essays

comparability vs. AthleticsIn 1929, the 19th A mendment gave women the rightly to vote. This was a breakthrough for America and an enormous step towards equal opportunities for women everywhere. Being given the right to vote created a sense of long awaited and greatly deserved equality with men. Even though women were given the right to vote, over 70 age ago, the government silent has to make a law to ensure that equal treatment is given. gentle IX was instated in 1972 to provide women with the same athletic opportunities as men in universities across the United States. While Title IX has helped advance female athletics, there are arguments that it has discriminated against male athletics. Attorney Curt Levey makes a drastically influence argument against Title IX in his article, Title IXs drear Side Sports Gender Quotas. The argument focuses on the pressures of upper level schools complying with Title IXs equaliser rule, the lack of female interest in intercollegiate athletics, and the bitter cutting of several mens teams since Title IX was established. Levey, along with many others opposed to Title IX, seem to think the law is slowly destroying male athletics, which was non what it was intended for and definitely is not the case. Title IX was created in order to provide women with equal opportunities in intercollegiate athletics, and that is exactly what it has d single so far and what it will continue to do.Leveys first line of work with Title IX and its attempt to increase womens athletic opportunities, found in paragraph four, is directed towards the proportionality rule (Levey 626). The proportionality rule is whizz of three options schools are given to comply with Title IX. This requires high schools, colleges, and u... ...een sitting on the bench for years, and now its time for men to take one for the team.Work CitedBestwick, Dick. Title IXs proportionality rule is patently unfair to men. AthensBanner-Herald. 2 Feb. 2003. 16 A pr. 2003. Levey, Curt. Title IXs Dark Side Sports Gender Quotas. Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Needham Heights Pearson, 2001.626-627. Rpt. in The Humanist.The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX at 30 Report dining table of Gender Equity. June 2002. The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX Athletics Policies Issues and Data for Education Decision Makers. Aug 27. 2002.The Secretary of Educations Commission on Opportunity in Athletics. Open to All Title IX at Thirty. Feb 28. 2003. Equality vs. Athletics Essay -- Title IX Sports Women EssaysEquality vs. AthleticsIn 1929, the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. This was a breakthrough for America and an enormous step towards equal opportunities for women everywhere. Being given the right to vote created a sense of long awaited and greatly deserved equality with men. Even though women were given the right to vote, over 70 years ago, the government still has to make a law to ensure that equal treatment is given. Title IX was instated in 1972 to provide women with the same athletic opportunities as men in universities across the United States. While Title IX has helped advance female athletics, there are arguments that it has discriminated against male athletics. Attorney Curt Levey makes a drastically bias argument against Title IX in his article, Title IXs Dark Side Sports Gender Quotas. The argument focuses on the pressures of upper level schools complying with Title IXs proportionality rule, the lack of female interest in intercollegiate athletics, and the bitter cutting of several mens teams since Title IX was established. Levey, along with many others opposed to Title IX, seem to think the law is slowly destroying male athletics, which was not what it was intended for and definitely is not the case. Title IX was created in order to provide women with equal opportunities in intercollegiate athletics, and that is exa ctly what it has done so far and what it will continue to do.Leveys first problem with Title IX and its attempt to increase womens athletic opportunities, found in paragraph four, is directed towards the proportionality rule (Levey 626). The proportionality rule is one of three options schools are given to comply with Title IX. This requires high schools, colleges, and u... ...een sitting on the bench for years, and now its time for men to take one for the team.Work CitedBestwick, Dick. Title IXs proportionality rule is patently unfair to men. AthensBanner-Herald. 2 Feb. 2003. 16 Apr. 2003. Levey, Curt. Title IXs Dark Side Sports Gender Quotas. Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Needham Heights Pearson, 2001.626-627. Rpt. in The Humanist.The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX at Thirty ReportCard of Gender Equity. June 2002. The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX Athletics Policies Issues and Data for Education Dec ision Makers. Aug 27. 2002.The Secretary of Educations Commission on Opportunity in Athletics. Open to All Title IX at Thirty. Feb 28. 2003.

Equality vs. Athletics Essay -- Title IX Sports Women Essays

Equality vs. athleticsIn 1929, the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. This was a breakthrough for the States and an enormous measuring rod towards equal opportunities for women everywhere. Being given over the right to vote created a sense of long awaited and greatly deserved equality with men. as yet though women were given the right to vote, over 70 years ago, the government still has to make a right to ensure that equal treatment is given. designation IX was instated in 1972 to provide women with the same athletic opportunities as men in universities across the United States. While Title IX has helped advance effeminate athletics, there argon arguments that it has discriminated against male person athletics. Attorney Curt Levey makes a drastically bias argument against Title IX in his article, Title IXs Dark human face Sports Gender Quotas. The argument focuses on the pressures of upper level schools complying with Title IXs proportionality rule, the lack o f female interest in intercollegiate athletics, and the virulent cutting of several mens teams since Title IX was established. Levey, along with many others opposed to Title IX, seem to think the law is slowly destroying male athletics, which was not what it was intended for and definitely is not the case. Title IX was created in order to provide women with equal opportunities in intercollegiate athletics, and that is just what it has done so far and what it will continue to do.Leveys first problem with Title IX and its attempt to increase womens athletic opportunities, plant in separate four, is directed towards the proportionality rule (Levey 626). The proportionality rule is one of three options schools are given to comply with Title IX. This requires high schools, colleges, and u... ...een academic session on the workbench for years, and now its time for men to take one for the team.Work CitedBestwick, Dick. Title IXs proportionality rule is ostensibly unfair to men. capital of GreeceBanner-Herald. 2 Feb. 2003. 16 Apr. 2003. Levey, Curt. Title IXs Dark Side Sports Gender Quotas. Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Needham Heights Pearson, 2001.626-627. Rpt. in The Humanist.The content Coalition for Women and Girls in statement. Title IX at Thirty ReportCard of Gender Equity. June 2002. The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX Athletics Policies Issues and Data for Education Decision Makers. Aug 27. 2002.The Secretary of Educations Commission on Opportunity in Athletics. Open to All Title IX at Thirty. Feb 28. 2003. Equality vs. Athletics Essay -- Title IX Sports Women EssaysEquality vs. AthleticsIn 1929, the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. This was a breakthrough for America and an enormous step towards equal opportunities for women everywhere. Being given the right to vote created a sense of long awaited and greatly deserved equality with men. Even though women were given the right to vote, over 70 years ago, the government still has to make a law to ensure that equal treatment is given. Title IX was instated in 1972 to provide women with the same athletic opportunities as men in universities across the United States. While Title IX has helped advance female athletics, there are arguments that it has discriminated against male athletics. Attorney Curt Levey makes a drastically bias argument against Title IX in his article, Title IXs Dark Side Sports Gender Quotas. The argument focuses on the pressures of upper level schools complying with Title IXs proportionality rule, the lack of female interest in intercollegiate athletics, and the bitter cutting of several mens teams since Title IX was established. Levey, along with many others opposed to Title IX, seem to think the law is slowly destroying male athletics, which was not what it was intended for and definitely is not the case. Title IX was created in order to provide women with equal opportuniti es in intercollegiate athletics, and that is exactly what it has done so far and what it will continue to do.Leveys first problem with Title IX and its attempt to increase womens athletic opportunities, found in paragraph four, is directed towards the proportionality rule (Levey 626). The proportionality rule is one of three options schools are given to comply with Title IX. This requires high schools, colleges, and u... ...een sitting on the bench for years, and now its time for men to take one for the team.Work CitedBestwick, Dick. Title IXs proportionality rule is patently unfair to men. AthensBanner-Herald. 2 Feb. 2003. 16 Apr. 2003. Levey, Curt. Title IXs Dark Side Sports Gender Quotas. Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Needham Heights Pearson, 2001.626-627. Rpt. in The Humanist.The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX at Thirty ReportCard of Gender Equity. June 2002. The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. Title IX Athl etics Policies Issues and Data for Education Decision Makers. Aug 27. 2002.The Secretary of Educations Commission on Opportunity in Athletics. Open to All Title IX at Thirty. Feb 28. 2003.

Edgar Allen Poe

Edgar Allen Poe Research Paper Since the beginning of time, people have been interested in dark and depressing stories about horror. Edgar Allen Poe was a great writer of his time. Many people enjoyed his dark and gloomy stories. Edgar Allen Poe wrote during the romantic era and his dark and depressing conduct greatly influenced his gothic writing and his famous story The cask of Amontillado. Edgar Allen Poe lived a really depressing life. Poe married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm. He died two years after his married woman in 1949 due to brain lesion. TCA) (gothic literature) Before his death he went to the best drills then later joined the army, after he was forced out of school due to bad depts, where he published two of his collections. (TCA) After he got discharged from the army he joined the United States Military Academy at West Point were he published his last collection. (TCA) Poe Published three collections.(TCA) His first collection published while he was in the army, Tamerlane, and Other Poems by a Bostonian. Went unnoticed. TCA) His second collection, AL Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor poems published in 1829 only received slighty more attention when it appeared. (TCA) His third collection Where Peoms was published in 1831. (TCA) Poe wrote during the romance period. Although Poe wrote in the romanticism era, Poe mainly wrote gothic literature. (gothic literature) Romanticism was the era of writing the focused on humankind and used emotion to show its writes works. (gothic literature) Romanticism began in the mid 18th century, the n later picked up 19 century, and then declined in the late 19th century. gothic literature) Romanticism was very touching to more or less individuals during its time. (gothic literature). The romanticism era included writers such as Edgar Allen Poe , Nathaniel Hawthorne, and more other writers of its time frame. The Cask of Amontillado is one of Poes famous stories. (TCA) The Cask of Amontillado is like many of Poes other stories, One in particular The Tell-Tale Heart I, another one of Poes famous stories. (TCA) Were in most of his murderers, Montressor doesnt understand his antagonist. canvass also Edgar Allan Poe DrugsMany of Poes other stories have a narrator harming another human. (TCA) The Cask of Amontillado is about two men Montressor and Fortunato who are great friends. (TCA) One day Montressor do Fortunato believe that they were just going to seean Amontillado, a type of alcoholic beverage called cherry. (TCA) When really Montressor lures Fortunato into his families wine cellar. (TCA) Were Fortunato gets very intoxicated. (TCA) As Montressor and Fortunato get deeper into Fortunatos families wine cellar Fortunato gets even more intoxicated. TCA) Until Montressor Later traps Fortunato into a room very deep into the cellar, were Fortunato later dies. (TCA) Edgar Allen Poe wrote during the romanticism era and his dark and depressing life greatly influenced his famous story The Cask of Amontillado. Edgar was a well know american poet and short story writer. Poe was particularly important to the ongoing influence of the Gothic on contemporary literature Edgar depressing life lead him to be one of the worlds most know horror writer of his time. Gothic belles-lettres. literary Movements for Students Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Literary Movements. Ed. Ira Mark Milne. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale, 2009. 281-309. Gale U. S. History In Context. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. www. galegroup. com Benton, Richard P. The Cask of Amontillado Overview. Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit St. James Press, 1994. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. www. galegroup. com Clendnning, John. The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe. Short Story Criticism Ed. Anna Sheets Nesbit.Vol. 35. Detroit Gale Group, 2001. 335-341. Stewart, Kate. The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe. Short Story Criticism Ed. Anna Sheets Nesbit. Vol. 35. Detroi t Gale Group, 2001. 347-350 The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen PoeShort Story Criticism Ed. Anna Sheets Nesbit. Vol. 35. Detroit Gale Group, 2001. 297-298 Poe, Edgar A. The Cask of Amontillado. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. . Didnt know how to make the single equation mark so I just used another equation mark*

Unit 3 – Supporting Children

E1. Five pieces of current jurisprudence atomic number 18 1. Sex Discrimination proceeding 1975 2. Equality view believe 2006 3. Childc be Act 2006 4. execute traffic Act 2000 5. Special Educational needfully and Disability Act 2001 E2. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that we should non discriminate on the grounds of gender and that both genders should be treated equally with the same rights. This means that practitioners should involve boys and girls in all activities and should non secure comments such as Girls are more sensible than boys. Equality Act 2006 provides a legal frame melt d sustain to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all.That means that practitioners should treat all tikeren as an individual and give infantren equal opportunities as tykeren brook individual needs that should be met. Childcare Act 2006 incorporates the eudaimonia standards with which all backcloths registered to work with children un der 8 years must comply, and in like manner provides a learning framework for children aged 0-5 years called the Early Years buttocks Stage. The welfare requirements affect much of the day-to-day practice within orbits, for example the adult to child ratio in rooms.Race Relations Act amended 2000 curb to discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality and ethnic and national origins. It states that practitioners should give equal opportunities to all children no matter what their race, nationality and ethnic origin is. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 states that practitioners should not treat disabled children less favourably than an other(a)(a)(prenominal) children. It also states that inculcates must ensure that they pretend reasonable adjustments to ensure that children with disabilities are not impersonated at a disadvantage.E3. Safeguarding is defined as All agencies working with children, young bulk and their families taking all reasonab le measures to ensure that the risks of wound to childrens welfare are minimized. Policies and Procedures pull up stakes service safeguard children by making sure that all steps are interpreted to protect children and young passel from harm. To ensure this create an environment in the backdrop which encourages children to develop a positive self-image, no matter of race, language, religion culture and family unit background.Encourage children to develop a moxie of autonomy and independence and enable children to have the self-confidence and the vocabulary to resist inappropriate approaches. Following the correct procedures in the view is essential because if in that respect is an stroke and you have take placeed all the correct procedures then the accident is not your fault however if you havent followed the correct procedures then you are responsible for both accidents that travel by and the consequences are your fault. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 20 01 states that practitioners should not treat disabled children less favourably than other children.It also states that schools must ensure that they consider reasonable adjustments to ensure that children with disabilities are not placed at a disadvantage Another insurance that will safeguard children is Health and Safety Policy. This insurance aims to ensure that screen backgrounds both inside and fall after-school(prenominal) are secure, safe and healthy place for children, parents, staff and other hoi polloi to be around in. This constitution also aims to prevent accidents, injuries and ill-health, and it makes sure all staff is aware of potential hazards within the range and the surrounding environment. E4.An Inclusion policy ensures that all pupils are fully include in all aspects of school life and have an equal opportunity no matter what their gender, religion, race, background, specific difficulty or physical ability is. This policy aims to support the individual nee ds of each and every child recognising their rights and raising awareness. By having a relations or partnership with parents policy in place a setting, helps a setting to recognise that parents and carers are the first educators of their children. Parents are childrens first and most enduring educators.When parents and practitioners work unneurotic in primaeval years settings, the results have a positive impact on childrens development and learning. Commitment 2. 2 Parents as Partners, EYFS The policys aim is to work in partnership with parents and carers in providing an environment that supports and involves them in the setting. A setting hind end do this by informing parents of how the setting operates, opening measure and policies and procedures by dint of written cultivation on notice boards and involve parents in the shared development record keeping about their child and ensure they have entree to their childs developmental records..Another policy that is provided to p romote fair, just and inclusive strategies is Equal Opportunities. This policy is designed to provide opportunities for all people to achieve fit to efforts and abilities. This policy means individuals will be catered for and they will be given equality of opportunity no matter what disability, ethnic origin, medical condition, gender, special educational need, religion and age. As a practitioner working in a setting you must understand that everyone is equal and everyone has diverse needs and abilities. E5.One strategy which my setting uses to empower children to develop independence and self reliance is arrival time. When children arrive to school they have few jobs to do before they sit down on the carpet. Firstly what they have to do is put their book bags in correct box Hares, Rabbit or Reading Group Box it depends on which convention they are in and whether it is their turn to read. To find out if it is their turn to read they look up on the reading board to see if their p icture is up. one time they have done this they have to do the same with their lunch boxes.Then its time to find their pegs and hang up their coats. All children have their own pegs with their picture and make believe on them which makes it easier for children to find their pegs. Finally children say goodbye to their parents and sit down on the carpet in their sitting spaces. Another strategy that my setting uses to empower children to develop independence and self reliance is Special Helper Day or sometimes called VIP day. All children in the classroom have a turn to be a VIP. Children have special jobs to do when it is their turn to be VIP. In the morning the teachers tells children who theVIP is and give children a VIP sticker. Then children are asked to take the register and money basket to the office and on the way back to get the fruit box. Throughout the day VIPs are responsible for enceinte the fruit and milk out at snack time and during the day the help the teacher in si mple task such as giving the paper out or putting pencil trays on the tables. E6. Transition is a time of change, when children pass through the various stages of life. For the tyke this can mean being weaned from milks to solid foods, and for the child it means starting nursery and then school.There are many strategies and examples of how childcare settings can wee children for transfer or transition. These are listed below Parents can be capture as anxious as their children about the move to a bare-ass class. Practitioners will on a regular basis have meetings for new parents before their children start school. Also, most mainstream plannings have meetings when parents can meet their childs new teachers where staff can blab to parents formally about the routines and informally to get to accredit each other.It is an opportunity to show parents the layout of the setting, and all the practical things which parents need to know about and for them to meet new staff. Reading book s, leaflets, brochures and hearing stories that deal with the subject of transition will prepare and support children. This helps to well-known(prenominal)ise children with the transition process and helps minimise the fear of the unknown. Some children whose jiffy language is not English will find it difficult to communicate or interpret the information provided and the setting will need an interpreter to save the childs transition.Ensuring that all documentation about a child is organised and ready to be passed on to a parent/carer or other professionals as appropriate to the situation- For example a key person may hand on a childs developmental records. Children having comfort objects brought from home will ensure that a child has a smoother transition. Having a comfort object offers children psychological comfort and security system especially in rum or unusual situations and also encourages independence.Allowing plenty of opportunities for children to show up their loo kings and emotions through imaginative and expressive bleed will ease transition and develop self help skills. Imaginative play helps children to work out real life situations which then helps them to replay the situations which helps children to create solutions to life which is essential for early childhood onwards. Expressive play helps children to release their emotions which will help a child who has just started in a setting to feel more confident.It will help to learn to express emotion more effectively. By having information given by the parent/carer a setting will be more aware of a childs particular needs or requirements therefore this partnership is crucial. The role of the key person is also important to provide stability for the child and security for the child. E7. Discrimination can occur because some people can have very stereotypical attitudes by having a judgemental approach against children they dont know and they then assume they know what the children are capab le of.Assuming you know what the children are capable of can lead to telling them they cant do sure activities that other children are doing, when actually they may be capable of it, however even if they arent they should be given a chance to try the operation and develop their skills, if they are struggling. Discrimination against any child regardless of their needs can make them feel isolated and different to other children. Very lots children with special needs have a very difficult time trying to fit in with other children especially if they are in a mainstream school.All children can be very unintentionally cruel to one other and should be helped to understand that everyone is different and how this is good. Example In our setting we promote cellular inclusion and we treat everyone the same and explain to other children we are alike but different. A lot of discrimination can be ca apply by school children view they are better than other children. Children dont understand that everyone is equal and have the same right. Most often children make comments about other children that come up under discrimination. For example they may say I dont want to play with black children.This will make children that are different ethnic background feel different, and picked on. They may feel lonely and left out as other children dont want to play with them because there skin colour is different. Children who are discriminated against may not feel they are valued and so may lose confidence, or they may find that other people have low expectations of what they can achieve. This may mean that they are not given the opportunity to acquire new skills or try out new activities as it is assumed they will not be able to cope (Tassoni et al. 2005 rascal 82. (Childrens Care Learning and Development Level 2, Heinemann, Page 82) D1. There are many issues relating to practice which support children to prepare for transitions. Gathering Information about the setting. It is usefu l to find out information about school/nursery before parents make a decision which school/nursery to send their child to. Parents can look up the information on the settings website where they can get some background information. They may also read Brochures/Prospectus. These can be useful as they may contain photographs which will be easier for children to visualise where they are going.Parents can also make a phone call to get some more information about the setting they could also arrange a visit to the setting. Parents could also ask other parents about the setting as other parents may have children that go to the plastered setting. However these would be just opinions from other parents. Talking about school with children It is important to talk with children about school, discussing what it might be like and what will happen during the day. To do this effectively, it may be helpful to school or the teacher who will work with the child to find out some more information about the routine.It is important to avoid building overly unrealistic expectations about what school will be like, as a childs vexation when the first day is not as they expected may have an effect on settling in process. Visits to school It is beneficial for a child to visit school before starting. Many schools/nurseries offer visits to school/classroom or when the child is moving to the toddler room etc. The more times that a child can visit the place that the child will be moving to the better as the child will get familiar with the setting and will get used to the routine , other children and teachers.Partnership with Parents Its important that the setting has a partnership with the child parents, as the parents of the child may worry/panic about their child going into a new environment. For example, the setting could have a coffee morning where stay and play sessions can take place to the parents can watch their child play. The childs self help skills will also have a link with the ir parents, For example, if a child still uses a potty the parent of the child and the childs teacher will work together to motivate the child to use the toilet.By working together with parents practitioners can find out more information about children such as childs interest, dietary requirements or if the child needs any special help. D2. Listening to children By listening to children, children will realise that others value what they have to say and therefore children will feel accepted as individuals with their own feelings and thoughts. There are many ways that early learning and child care practitioners can help children to feel heard. During circle times children can be encouraged to share their personal stories, opinions and feelings.Practitioners can encourage children to speak by asking questions, which will give them the chance to speak and to elaborate. When childrens questions are taken seriously they feel validated and comfortable to seek answers. Taking childs interes ts into the account If a child demonstrates interest in something, practitioners can follow up by offering more opportunities for children to try activities related to his/her interests. By following up on the discussion initiated by the childs question, it shows the child that the practitioner has heard and appreciated his expression of interest.Empowering children to seek answers engages them in the learning process. Giving children choices When children are given some guided choices appropriately and gradually or whenever possible rather than given commands all the time this helps to build up their decision making ability and self confidence. This is by far better than giving commands alone as giving children commands in upbringing stifles the childs decision making ability which may result in an overly conditional mindset and a general lack of self confidence.B. Assuming what children are capable of can affect children because practitioners may judge them and treat them differe ntly, and children will ultimately notice that they are being treated differently which will affect their self esteem and their social and emotional development. When a child feels that way they may stop trying to achieve or only attempt tasks half-heartedly. They may withdraw from activities and/or the group. This is a self-fulfilling prophecy-the less a child tries, the more apparent they are to fail.This reinforces their belief that they will fail and they may try even less as a result. Discrimination of any kind prevents children and young people from developing a feeling of self-worth or self esteem. The effects of being discriminated against can last the whole of a childs life. C. Meggitt 2007 page one hundred fifty-five If a child is the subject of discrimination, they may have a lack of confidence as a result. But there are also supernumerary issues that may have impact on their learning. Children who are discriminated against are not given equal opportunities in compari son to their peers.This can limit childrens experiences and relationships which in turn affects their learning. Children who are discriminated against may not feel they are valued and so may lose confidence, or they may find that other people have low expectations of what they can achieve. This may mean that they are not given the opportunity to acquire new skills or try out new activities as it is assumed they will not be able to cope Childrens Care Learning and Development Level 2, Heinemann, Page 82.If children are not given equal opportunities to attend settings, participate fully in activities and have their needs met, they are unlikely to learn effectively as children who do not experience discrimination and are therefore treated superiorly. Children are discriminated for a range different reasons for example A practitioner will not countenance boys to play with dolls and the home corner because she thinks they are girls toys. A wheelchair user is encouraged to read a book in side while the other children go outside to play because the practitioner thinks they will not be able to join in with the physical activities.Children may discriminate against other children on account of their differences this is often the form of name-calling and teasing, and may be directed at children who are either fatter or thinner than others in the group, or who wear different clothes, have a disability or are bilingual . Discrimination against any child regardless of their needs can make them feel isolated and different to other children. Very often children with special needs have a very difficult time trying to fit in with other children especially if they are in a mainstream school.All children can be very unintentionally cruel to one another and should be helped to understand that everyone is different and how this is good. Example In our setting we promote inclusion and we treat everyone the same and explain to other children we are alike but different. C. One theore tical perspective which supports the development of strategies for empowering children is Albert Banduras theory. Bandura used the term self efficacy to consider the extent in which children believe in themselves. A child with a high self-efficacy believes that they are capable of doing activities and they feel more confident.As a child with low self-efficacy has a low self-esteem and will not feel comfortable about some activities. They may make assumption that the activity is too hard and they cant do it before even starting it. A. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 has influenced working practices within the early years settings as Schools and nurseries need to ensure that nobody is discriminated on the grounds of gender. The settings needs to ensure that nor boys or girls are discriminated in the provision of play activities or during routines.In my placement we plan activities where all the children, boys and girls, are able to take part, for example, dressing up. The Sex Discrimi nation Act 1975 makes it criminal to treat a person less favourably than a member of the other sex http//www. dba. org. uk/pdfs/120-3%20Sex%20Discrimination%20Act. pdf In my setting I have seen that there is a lot of legislation in place to protect and safeguard children, their parents and families. I have found that the legislation plays part on the work practices when in the setting and it reflects on the settings policies and procedures.For Example at my setting we have a policy on behaviour that states no physical punishment is allowed because the Human Right says children and adults have the right of dignity. The Equality Act 2006 has influenced working practices within the early years setting as now every setting has an equal opportunities policy which aims to ensure that every member of the school community is given an equal opportunity to achieve their full potential . It also aims to offer equal opportunities regardless of race, culture, gender orientation, academic abilit y, physical ability or class.Provide an environment free from social, sexual or cultural prejudice for all members of our school community. Achieve an environment in which members of the school community can be respected as individuals and in which the varied experiences of the community can enrich the life of the school. Race Relations Act 2000 has influences working practices today as every settings take this Act in to the account that racial discriminatory practice is unaccepted . The Act was introduced to make discriminatory practice illegal in the United Kingdom.In practice this will mean that an organisation must be alert on how a setting promotes their service, recruits staff and make the service genuinely accessible to all. The Act defines two types of discrimination 1. Direct Discrimination where a person or organisation treats another person less favourably because of their colour, race, ethnic or racial origin. 2. Indirect Discrimination where apparently everyone receiv es the same treatment, but where that treatment disadvantages people from a veritable racial group.Following the Act the Commission for Racial Equality was established in order to help enforce the act, and also to advise the Government and others on issues concerning it. The Race Relations Act 1976 and its amendment Act 2000 and the Children Act 1989 place duties on Local fountainities and others to carry out their functions with due regard to the need to promote equality of opportunity and to provide racially, culturally and linguistically appropriate. http//www. durham-lscb. gov. k/Procedures/appendix5. shtml The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 strengthened the right of children with disabilities to attend mainstream educational facilities. It is unlawful for any school to discriminate against any disabled children or parents. Ofsted inspectors are now checking that schools are complying with the SENDA and are making sure that children with disabilities have t he same rights as other people. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 cover all four UK nations.It defines a disabled person as someone who has a physical or mental impairment which is substantial and long term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day to-day activities. each nation has their own legislation to ensure that children with specific needs are assessed and have their needs met in most appropriate way. Settings are required to make reasonable adjustments by either changing policy, providing alternative ways to access a provision, or by addressing physical features which make a service unachievable or unreasonably difficult for disabled people to use.For example settings can make their provision more accessible by having downstairs toilets, wider doors and ramps to the front doors. Bibliography Author Date of publication Title Name of publisher Tassoni et al 2007 CACHE Level 3 Child Care and Education 4th Edition Heinemann Meggitt C et al 2011 Children and Young Peoples Workforce Hodder Education Miranda Walker 2006 Child Care , Learning and Development Nelson Thornes Websites http//www. dba. org. uk/pdfs/120-3%20Sex%20Discrimination%20Act. pdf http//www. durham-lscb. gov. uk/Procedures/appendix5. shtml

Dove Evolution of brand Essay

In 2007, Unilevers plunk was the world s number-one cleansing deformity in the health and looker sector. Dove Competed in all categories alike cleansing bars, body washes, hand washes, face care, hair care, deodorants, anti-perspirants, and body lotion.Their competitor are P&G (Procter and Gambles) ivory, KAOs Jergens, Beiersdorfs Nivea. The first Dove Product Beauty Bar was launched in 1957 with adjure Dove Soap doesnt dry your skin because its one-quarter cleansing cream.Dove pose their growth to functionality superiority product. Its can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories Dove was tapped to become master spot in 2000, Dove entries in all personal categories and Dove become masterbrand. To build masterbrand needed to do something different. Dove do a process of exploratory marketplace research, consultation with experts, conversation with women, and message testing led to The Campaign for Real Beauty. Now Dove succ ess become masterbrand under the deed of conveyance of The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Dove success giving a single identity to the wide range health and beauty products. Dove overly organizing for brand management to support this champaign.Read AlsoIdeas for an Exploratory EssayQuestion & Analysis1. What is brand in the definition of Dove ? assist ground on Merriam-Webster,Dove isa. a small wild bird that is related to pigeonsb. a gentle woman or childc. a person who does non want war and does want peaceDove is a symbol for peace, love and honesty.Dove Brand definition is a soap that give you solid beauty because its more gentle than a nonher soap so it would not dry out your skin the way soap did. So people does not worries about dry skin if used it because it was not technically soap at all. It is milder than soap-based bars.2. What does Doves market set in the 1950s? What is its positioning in 2007? Answer In 1950sThe first Dove product, called a beauty bar was launched in 1957. It was positioned upon its function as a superior product that doesnt dry out the skin the way soap did. It was marketed through a mix of trade communication tools like the Television, print media and bill boards. The publicize message was Dove soap doesnt dry your skin because its one-quarter cleansing cream which was illustrated with photographs that showed cream being poured into a tablet. The advertising aspired to project honesty and authenticity, preferring to feature natural looking women testifying to Doves benefits rather than stylized fashion models. In 2007Dove become a Masterbrand, its name is used for all beauty bar grade in Unilever, such as deodorants, hair care products, facial cleansers, body lotions, and hair styling products. The old positioning of Dove is focus on functional superiority and it can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories. After a process of exploratory market research, consultation w ith experts, conversation with women, the positioning of Dove is The campaign for Real Beauty. The campaign begin with using ordinary people in supermodel contexts and for books of nudes featuring plain-looking models. The result was the alleged(prenominal) Tick-Box campaign. In this campaign, billboards were erected and viewers were asked to phone 1-888-342-DOVE to vote on whether a woman on the billboard was outsized or outstanding.The next campaignwere kn witness internally as the Firming campaign because they promoted a cream that firmed the skin. They featured six real women cheerfully posing in plain white underwear. The comp both wanted the ads to stir the way society views beauty and provoke discussion and debate about real beauty. The next step in the campaign was particularly controversial. At a Dove leadership team offsite meeting, an effort was made to engage executives in the thinking behind The Campaign for Real Beauty by filming their own daughters discussing their self-esteem challenges. Stage four of the Real Beauty campaign involved not an advertisement, but a film. The resulting digital film was known as ontogeny. Given its unusual length, television was not an option, and in October 2006 the film was posted to YouTube and within three months, it had been viewed three million times.3. How did Unilever organize to do product category management and brand management in unilever before 2000? What was the corresponding structure after 2000? How was brand meaning controlled before 2000 and how is it controlled at the time of the case? Answer Before 2000, within a product category the firm often offered multiple brands, to each one led by a brand manager. In effect, each brand operated as a separate business, competing with its siblings as well as the products of other firms. A staff of brand assistants executed the policies of the brand manager. Each brand manager was charged with the responsibilities of a general manager in relation to the b rand, including design of strategy, delivery of profit targets, and power over many of day-to-day marketing decisions such as advertising and target promotions that were needed to achieve profitability.In 2000, Unilever began to split responsibilty for a brand between two groups, one charged with study of the brand and the other charged with building the brands in specific markets. Brand Development was centralized and global in scope. Brand Building was decentralized fit to the major geographic regions in which Unilever operated. Before 2000, brand meaning controlled by Brand managing director, but at the time of case brand meaning idea is created by Brand Development but bringing to life by Brand Building.4. Spend a little time searching blogs, using Google search, and any social media, to get a sense of what people saying about Dove today. What does this discussion contribute to the meaning of the brand?Facebook Dove Indonesia have 23.027.326 Fans chase Dove Indonesia 19.4KYe s, people is feel the real beauty of themselves by using Dove. Dove makes the Real Beauty. RecommendationIn the Future dove must be have line extension product such as cosmetic product, to enlarge their category product, but must have same positioning with their campaign For Real Beauty The position must be stand for a point of viewDove can enlarge their business to retail patronage (cosmetic shop) to sell all dove product and communicated their brand. To organize Brand Management, Dove under Unilever must maintain split responsibility between Brand Manager and Brand Development.

Biblical Worldview Essay

Through examining Romans, chapters 1-8, we see capital of Minnesota covers a variety of theological and defensive information for the saviour chase. In writing to the followers in the church in the city of capital of Italy He makes it clear he wishes he could enforce them (Romans 18-17) but is writing this letter to clear up the dissension between an identity crisis between the Jewish and Gentile members of the church as to whether they were to choke by the law or by grace. Through this letter he writes many of the foundations of what it looks desire to be a follow of Jesus and what that marrow for our scrap with our nature and understanding our identity.Paul addresses the natural world, recognizing the hard truth about where it is in relation to immortal. He describes the opposition the natural world will dedicate towards God and His will. He gives clear words that God is the Creator of our world, assigning Him as the cause. Paul states that the creation of the world itsel f is Gods way of video display His invisible qualities (Romans 118-21). He did this to show Himself to us and there are people who will choose to neglect giving glory to God and/or recognize Him for what they have in thankfulness. Paul recognizes the problem with the natural world is that they have chosen to worship the created things rather than the One who created it (Romans 125). He states the contrast of this f alone of the natural world saying, just as sin entered the world through with(predicate) one man, and death came through sin, and in this way death came to all in all men, because all have sinned (Romans 512). While Paul makes this clear, this is not his focus. He does not only look at the fact that we do not pass judgment up and are all sinners, rather he continuously points to who we are apart from that because of Gods grace and righteousness.Paul notes in our most basal level we are of a sinful nature and slaves of that identity from our birth in the flesh (Roman s 512-14). All of us are sinners (Romans 39). besides through Jesus and the work He did on the cross we are free to live apart from a sin slavery and in Christs redemption for us (Romans 324). We are justified in Him through our faith in Him and do not have to prove ourselves through the law all the law does is prove oursinfulness (Romans 327-28). We are loved by Christ if He would die for us while we were nevertheless sinners (Romans 56-8). We are promised eternity with Him through our faith in Him (Romans 65-7, Romans 622-23). We are called to live apart from sin as Christ followers (Romans 611-14), living as an instrument for God. He also speaks of us now macrocosm vessels of the Holy Spirit (Romans 89). Paul speaks of our identity being renewed and justified and sanctified very often but also speaks of our relationships with humans.Paul makes one thing loud and clear for everyone to understand, all are sinners and in check need of Gods free gift of grace and salvation. No on e is better than another (Romans 39-24). This was a point he belabored so much through his writing so much I believe because this was a source of division and problems in the church in Rome. muckle tried to claim that one might be better than another, but Paul wanted it to be clear to the Romans that they were to understand all are equal no one should be treated as less than yourself. This is because each one of them deserved a death that they were saved from undeservedly by Jesus. He also wanted it to be very clear that we are not adequate to be the judge of anyone else for we are guilty of the same things and will be judged by God for them (Romans 21-3). He also makes it clear that we are to use our lives to serve and help other people, not just ourselves (Romans 26-11). Paul speaks all of these things to a group of people, which will have an impact on the culture.Paul wrote to the Romans at a time where Rome was one of the largest cities of its time. In Rome there were far more influences and religions that just Christianity and I believe this is why he so strongly wanted to establish their faith and doctrine and combine them. HE spoke to the Christians that they are no longer slaves to the law but slaves to righteousness (Romans 615-19). The Roman Christians would be examples to the culture that is so counter to what it means to be alive and free in Christ. For the culture Paul spoke of claimed to be wise, they became fools and change the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles. Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another. They exchanged the truth about God for a lie, andworshiped and served created things rather than the Creator (Romans 122-25). Paul left the Roman Christians with an encouragement to stay strong and know the God they serve makes them conquerors in the presence of this cultur e (Romans 828-35).The things Paul spoke of would greatly affect your worldview. When looking at a worldview I note a few certain questions What was the cause of it all? What is wrong with the world? What is the solution? Is there anything after death? Finally, what is our purpose for existence in light of the previous? Paul builds a sound doctrine and worldview for the people in Rome as he answers each one of those questions clearly. He states the Lord created this earth and all creation. He then says the problem with the world is Sin. The solution is made clear through the free gift of our God and our belief in it through faith. He answers the final question if the first four questions are true by saying we then shall go on living freely in a relationship with Him devoting ourselves to Him, knowing we will spend eternity with Him. This worldview will dramatically change how our lives are spent and what we live for.BibliographyThe Holy Bible, New International strain

Pleasant Co. Essay

Pleasant Co. manufactures specialty bike accessories. The fraternity is known for product quality, and it has offered wiz of the best warranties in the industry on its higher-priced productsa lifetime guarantee, performing all the warranty work in its own shops. The warranty on these products is include in the sales price. Due to the recent introduction and growth in sales of some products targeted to the low price market, Pleasant is considering partnering with another company to do the warranty work on this line of products, if customers purchase a service weightlift at the time of original product purchase. Pleasant has called you to advise the company on the story for this new warranty arrangement. InstructionsIf your school has a subscription to the FASB Codification, go to log in and prepare responses to the following. Provide Codification references for your responses. (a) Identify the accounting literature that addresses the accounting for the type of separately priced wa rranty that Pleasant is considering. (b) When are warranty contracts considered separately priced? (c) What are incremental direct acquisition costs and how should they be treated?SOLUTION(a)FASB ASC 605-20-25 addresses how revenue and costs from a separately priced extended warranty or product maintenance contract should be recognized.(b)An Extended countenance is an agreement to provide warranty protection in addition to the scope of reporting of the manufacturers original warranty, if any, or to extend the period of coverage provided by the manufacturers original warranty. Product Maintenance Contracts are agreements to perform certain agreed-upon service to maintain a product for a specify period of time. The terms of the contract may take different forms, such as an agreement to periodically perform a particular service a specified number of times over a specified period of time, or an agreement to perform a particular service as the motivating arises over the term of the c ontract.Separately Priced Contracts are agreements under which the customer has the option to purchase an extended warranty or a product maintenance contract for an expressly stated amount separate from the price of the product. FASB ASC 605-20-20-20 (Glossary)(c)Costs that are directly related to the acquisition of a contract and that would have not been incurred but for the acquisition of that contract (incremental direct acquisition costs) shall be deferred and charged to expense in proportion to the revenue recognized. All other costs, such as costs of services performed under the contract, general and administrative expenses, advertising expenses, and costs associated with the negotiation of a contract that is not consummated, shall be charged to expense as incurred. FASB ASC 605-20-25-4

International Bussiness an Asian Perspective Chapter 9-11

CHAPTER 9 9. 1)The cheer pass judgment on South Korean government securities with one-year maturity is 4% and the pass judgment inflation reckon for the coming year is 2%. TheUSinterest rate on government securities with one-year maturity is 7% and the expected rate of inflation is 5%. The current spot exchange rate forKoreawon is $1 = W1,200. Forecast the spot exchange rate one year from today. unslopedify the logic of your answer. Drawing on what we know about the Fisher effect, the real interest rate in both theUSandSouth Koreais 2%.The worldwide Fisher effect suggests that the exchange rate allow change in an equal amount but in an opposite direction to the difference in nominal interest rates. Hence since the nominal interest rate is 3% higher in theUSthan inSouth Korea, the dollar should depreciate by 3% relative to the South Korean Won. Using the formula from the book(S1 S2)/S2x 100 = i$ iWonand substituting 7 for i$, 4 for iWon, and 1,200 for S1,yields a value for S2o f $1=W1,165. 9. 3) You manufacture wine goblets.In mid-June you receive an order for 10,000 goblets from Japan. Payment of ? 400,000 is due in mid-December. You expect the yen to rise from its present rate of $1 = ? 130 to $1 = ? 100 by December. You jakes borrow yen at 6 percent a year. What should you do? The simplest solution would be to just conceal until December, take the ? 400,000 and convert it at the spot rate at that time, which you assume will be $1=? 100. In this case you would pack $4,000 in mid-December. If the current 180-day forward rate is lower than 100? $, then a forward contract might be preferable since it both locks in the rate at a better level and reduces insecurity. If the rate is above ? 100/$, then whether you choose to lock in the forward rate or wait and see what the spot does will depend upon your risk aversion. There is a third possibility also. You could borrow money from a bank that you will cook up back with the ? 400,000 you will receive (400 ,000/1. 03 = ? 388,350 borrowed), convert this today to US$ (388,350/130 = $2,987), and then invest these dollars in a US account.For this to be preferable to the simplest solution, you would concord to be able to make a lot of interest (4,000 2,987 = $1,013), which would turn out to be an annual rate of 51% ((1,013/4000) * 2). If, however, you could lock in these interest rates, then this method would also reduce each exchange rate risk. What you should do depends upon the interest rates available, the forward rates available, how large a risk you are willing to take, and how certain you tactual sensation that the spot rate in December will be ? 100 = $1. 9. ) You are the CFO of a Philipine loaded whose wholly owned subsidiary in Mexico manufactures component parts for your Philipine assembly operations. The subsidiary has been financed by bank borrowings in the United States. One of your analysts told you that the Mexican peso is expected to depreciate by 30 percent against the dollar on the foreign exchange markets over the next year. What actions, if any, should you take? Your financing and operating cracking are in dollars, yet many of your costs (labor) must be in peso.Your hard assets are all in peso, and their value will decline. On the other hand, if the peso depreciates, then your dollars will go further. So perhaps doing nothing is the best approach. If you are pretty sure that the peso will depreciate, then you may essential to avoid any major peso-denominated costs that you can until after devaluation. That may mean holding back on shipments if possible, and you may want any dollar-denominated purchases made before the devaluation.You may want to move any peso-denominated major accounts into dollars before the devaluation. CHAPTER 10 1. Why did the gold standard collapse? Is thither a case for returning to some type of gold standard? What is it? The gold standard collapse for the reason it would not allow for a commonwealths scotch expa nsion. When times of war or acts of the like required for a economys government to spend above the limits of its gold supply in turn the government would patsy extra money into circulation to compensate the excessive expenditures.This would ca usance a problem when these times of crisis would end and the extra printed money caused rapid inflation with in that nation. That nation would then try to re-establish its rate hold per ounce of gold, yet not being able to supranationally maintain that rate which would cause failure in this system. This is just one good reason I see as the collapse of the gold standard. I would say not. The problem is presented when a nation has the trust and ambition to grow yet there is only a set amount of gold and silver to be removed from the earth to back monetary value.When you entertain a limited amount of backing it kind of limits your growth and expansion. I could foresee a problem with any system if the players are withal inconsistant and cha nge the environment of the game too often. I currently have faith in our floating exchange rate system because it acommidates human inconsistancy and allows for sponsor change with the ability to stabilize. 2. What opportunities might current IMF lending policies to developing countries create for international businesses? Most of these developing countries are consumer countries.IMF usually focuses on areas that will be improved by the specific kitty. You can therefore look into these areas and seek to be an exporter to them, whether of services or of goods. These countries are also seeking to stabilize ease of trade. If they seek to import, there is still business for anyone who is aligned to hit at the right time. The fact also, that they have simplified cost and maturity means that it can create sustainability of any business that starts due to ease of re-borrowing. 3.Do you think the standard IMF policy prescriptions of tight monetary policy and reduced government spending ar e always appropriate for developing nations experiencing a currency crisis? How might the IMF change its approach? What would the implications be for international businesses? Critics argue that the tight macroeconomic policies imposed by the IMF in the recent Asian crisis were not well suited to countries that were not suffering from excessive government spending and inflation, but instead from a private-sector debt crisis with inflationary undertones.Anti-inflationary monetary policies and reductions in government spending usually result in a sharp contraction of demand, at least in the short run. In the longer term, the policies can promote economic growth and expansion of demand, which creates opportunities for international business CHAPTER 11 CLOSING CASE 1. Why did mainland China Mobile feel it was necessary to issue equity in markets outside of its home base in Hong Kong? What are the advantages of such a move? Maybe its because China Mobile wanted to take advantage of inter national exchange rates.Since the company wanted to achieve maximum competitive advantage, one way of assuring itself that it will always have adequate capital funding is by seeking external currencies as sources for tapping and hedging against any local market conditions that may have a negative impact on its local stocks. The advantages of such a move are the fact that other major world currencies such as the U. S. dollar tend to be more stable against most world currencies and the fact that being cross listed easily can be a use of additional funding to the company in the future should the need arise. 2.Why did China Mobile price the stay put issue in U. S. dollars instead of Hong Kong dollars? Pricing the bond paper issue in U. S. dollars instead of Hong Kong dollars is to safeguard the stability of the price of its bond. Since the capital markets within the American market is also the most vibrant in the world, price the bond in U. S. dollars will ensure that for purposes of trading, there is a more vibrant, ready and willing market that can assure China mobiles bond to have a fair value and upon expiration, market values will most likely be much higher than those of the local market. . Can you see any downside to China Mobiles international equity and bond issue? I dont see any downside issues that should discourage China Mobiles international equity and bond issue. Probably, there would be more of a challenge in the socialist culture of China. By pricing its equity and bond internationally, the local market may shun from the company on their capital markets since its perceived to be more attractive in international players. Although China Mobiles international

Ikea Erp

KEA has been suffered from the difficulties faced by production-oriented retailers. KEA project motorbus said that It was not enough for them to wangle the demand wholly. They must manage the production similarly, and keep the ply and demand In balance. In the mid-sass, it became clear to KEA that the retailers inventory model wouldnt work smoothly. The inventory be were already too high. After mid-sass, ERP carry throughation failed to fix Kikes inventory management problems.The planning team constitute a rudimentary list of the qualities, so stability and reliability were obvious musts. KEA manages a solid range of production, which from raw materials to finished product. They have to coordinate with more than 1,600 suppliers worldwide. When sales for a product turns push through surprisingly high, It would empty from their warehouse, and when the demand didnt reach the expectations, the merchandise had already produced would backward up in the facilities.However, the j ust about important problem for KEA was an integrated planning platform that can provide a undifferentiated working environment for the retailers product managers worldwide. KEA has been working on differentiate itself with other retailers. They not only offer unique designs, but also share a typical warehouse on Its demesne level. Meanwhile, on the second level they provide a cozy environment where customers can enjoy tout ensemble kinds of furnishing concepts. KEA in-stores logistics model is very novel and was welcomed by their customers.The most important thing is it can help KEA saving costs and increasing productivity significantly. On the ground floor, the products selected by customers are picked from palette location that placed as high as the typical person could reach. Additional product Is stored In reserve zone above these locations. Inventory Is cut down to the lower space at iniquity because forklifts and pallet jacks are not used during store hours for safety rea sons. The rest space contains items too bulky for customers to load without help.Since KEA advocates as much self-service as possible, it tends to minimize the number of products in this bulk storage area. KEA has over 200 stores in 30 countries worldwide. This requires exceptional logistics and outstanding put forward as well as the best tooth roots. In all, KEA has 1,600 suppliers In 55 countries, and trades through local anesthetic KEA purchasing offices in 33 countries. In order to make sure that the supply range of a function works, t must cooperate with the best technology and the right people. Therefore, KEA chose the demand forecasting and modules from a software supplier JDK.JDK customized a demand forecasting frame for KEA so that they can manage a decline in the number of its suppliers. KEA began working with JDK in 2001 and the first solution was to implement demand solutions on all KEA products globally. KEA set a number of objectives for JDK such as developing sale s planning methodology and tools that gained realistic forecasts used for designing supplier, warehouse, and transportation capacities. JDK also demonstrable a ability of planning methodology and LOL that make it possible to benefit from the cost-savings of long-term commitments.A global and regional supply planning system component would make it possible to have a collaborated and consolidated sales. The solution would also allow KEA to take all Inventories Into account and to have supply chain figure In the order processing management. I en retable ors nana AT supply canal planning salsa TN has been a successful move for them and has made it far simpler to start focusing on low-cost countries and cutting back on suppliers. In the long run, this will help them to improve profits and make their management system more efficient.

What action can the Commission take against the UK? Does the UK have any defences that it can rely on?

IntroductionThe European perpetration is required to ensure that all constituent affirms succeed with EU law and thitherby seek reveal any infringements that ar taking place. If necessary, the committal may lease an block off to such infringements by commencing legal proceeding in the European Court of Justice (ECJ) van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. Such transactions are brought on a lower floor Articles 258, 259 and 260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (previously Articles 226, 277 and 228 of the European Community (EC)). In the flashbulb scenario, the relegation has decided to take action against the UK under Article 258 TFEU for failing to realizel its obligations under the Treaty. This is be done on the grounds that the UK has failed to implement the new go pasting (the like a shotional), adopted by the Council of Europe, that was to be implement by all segment evinces by the 1 February 2014. Article 258 states If the boot considers that a Member State had failed to fulfill an obligation under the Treaties, it shall deliver a reasoned opinion on the matter aft(prenominal) giving the State concerned the probability to submit its observations. The UK depart and so collect an chance to hoist any defenses within the conviction that has been specified by the armorial bearing. If the UK fails to submit its observations, the relegating may then bring the matter before the ECJ as shown in instruction v unify Kingdom. Here, it was held by the ECJ that assuming the Commissions submissions are correct, it is not for the Court to give such an interpretation with the aim of correcting Article 2(1) of the thirteenth developive. This case demonstrates that even if the Commission does take action against the UK, this does not mean that the ECJ will intervene. As plosive speech sounded out by Haynes the Court has over the years been somewhat inconsistent in terms of the level of interventionism in which it is prepared to engage in order to protect and preserve the integrity of Community legislation and to iron out those inconsistencies that inevitably creep in. Despite this, it is up to the Commission to decide whether infringement minutes ought to be commenced Alfons Lutticke GmbH v Commission. The Commission thus plays an important role in launching infringement proceedings against Member States and is cap satisfactory of taking whatever action it deems detach in response to either a illness or indications of infringements which it detects itself. An investigatory process will first be undertaken, which will then be abide byed by a letter of formal notice that will be served upon the Member State. Once a letter of formal notice has been served upon the Member State, where necessary, a referral to the ECJ will then be made. The procedure that has been open up under Article 258 TFEU consists of two phases pre-litigation and litigation. The intentio n of the pre-litigation phase is to provide a Member State with the opportunity to comply with the Treaty requirements or provide a justification of its reasons for not doing so Commision v France. Therefore, the Commission is suitable of using the pre-litigation phase as a tool to persuade the UK to comply with the Directive. If the Commission is stillborn in persuading the UK to comply with the Directive, the pre-litigation phase will be used as a means of delineate the subject-matter of the dis cate Joined pillowcases 142/80 and 143/80 Essevi and Salengo. It will then be up to the ECJ to determine whether the UK has breached its duties under the Treaty Germany v Commission. In communicating with the UK on its infringement, it is presumable that the Commission will use the EU Pilot that was established as a means of communication between the Commission and Member States. If the EU Pilot fails to resolve the dispute, the Commission may instigate infringement proceedings by giv ing the UK the opportunity to submit its observations. This is done by issuing a letter of formal notice Commission v Austria. The UK will consequently have the chance to submit its reasons for not implementing the Directive as shown in Commission v Portugal. Accordingly, it will thus be argued that there was pressure on parliamentary time and that the Directive will be implemented shortly. The UK will in like manner be able to put forward its observations on Portugals non-implementation of the Directive and the fact that it is very early to bring an enforcement action against the UK. If the Commission does not defend with the UKs response and the UK has not made any attempt to implement the Directive, the Commission may follow this up with a reasoned Opinion, which may then lead to an action before the ECJ Commission v Germany. The Commission, in its reasoned Opinion, will set out the action it requires the UK to take in order to comply with the Directive and the reasons why it t hinks the UK has failed to fulfil one of its Treaty obligations Commission v Italy. Whilst the time limit that is to be laid down will be based upon a number of different factors, including the urgency of the matter, it is likely that the UK will have around 60 days to respond to the reasoned Opinion. This is intended to give the UK an opportunity to comply or put forward its right of defence as illustrated in Commission v Luxembourg. If the UK does not comply with the reasoned Opinion, the Commission will be capable of deciding whether the matter should be brought before the ECJ. The ECJ will not be concerned with the nature or seriousness of the infringement Commission v Netherlands, but instead whether there has been a failure to fulfil obligations Commission v Italy and the preventive of proof will be on the Commission. Given that there has been a failure by the UK to fulfil its Treaty obligations under the new Directive, the ECJ will find that there has been an infringement. Al though the UK may be able to put forward a defence that the Directive will be implemented shortly, it is doubtful that this will glut as there is very little chances that defences to infringement are no-hit Commission v Germany and Commission v Austria. Nor will the UK be able to argue that there has been pressure on Parliamentary time since it was evidenced in Commission v Spain that Member States may not plead that situations or practices vivacious in its internal legal order have caused the infringement as this will not rid a failure to comply with obligations under EU law. Nevertheless, in Commission v Italy Italy was able to aver on force majeure to justify non-compliance when it encountered temporary insuperable difficulties preventing it from compliance. Pressure on parliamentary time is not likely to be considered a temporary insuperable difficult. Furthermore, the fact that Portugal has failed to implement the Directive will be ir germane(predicate) as it was made clea r in the Commission v France case that a Member State gitnot rely on a possible infringement of the Treaties by another Member State to justify its own infringement. Since the UK has contended that it will implement the Directive shortly, it is likely that the principle of sincere loyalty (Article 4(3) TFEU) will apply. This principle demonstrates that Member States shall act in good faith by co-operating and providing the Commission will the relevant information it requests Commission v Luxembourg. 2. Does Mr Steymann have any legal right to pursue the matter himself in EU Law? Mr Steymann will not be able to bring an action to the ECJ on the primer coat that his interests have been harmed by the UKs failure to implement the Directive Star proceeds Co. v Commission. However, he will have two options available to him. He can either make a complaint to the Commission, which might result in the Commission initiating proceedings under Article 258 TFEU, or he can bring proceedings in the UK courts under the principle of direct effect. Once a complaint is current by the Commission, a decision will then be made as to whether proceedings ought to be initiated against the UK. In making this decision, the Commission will insist on its discretionary power to determine whether it is price commencing proceedings. In Commission v Greece a complaint was made to the Commission, which resulted in proceedings being commenced. The Commission, in its reasoned Opinion, established that there was an interest in bringing proceedings and the action was deemed admissible in so far as it concerned the subject matter of the dispute. EU law infringements may too be challenged before national courts, through the principle of direct effect. As such, Mr Steymann may be able to pursue the matter himself the UK courts he if can demonstrate that the Directive has direct effect and that there exists an appropriate remedy. Once the UK implements the Directive, Mr Steyman will most likely sell more gas boilers as he appears to be disadvantaged by the fact that the UK has failed to implement the new Directive. It will be more expensive to catch up with the equipment in the UK in compliance with EU law, which will prevent UK manufacturers from being able to sell the boilers at a much lower price. The principle of direct effect allows Member States to be challenged at national level by litigants seeking to rely on the direct effect of EU law. Mr Steymann will therefore be capable of taking advantage of the direct effect principle, which enables individuals to immediately invoke a European provision before a national or European court as highlighted in forefront Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. As the consequence in the instant scenario is between an individual and the State, Mr Steymann will be able to invoke the European provision through vertical direct effect. For a Directive to have direct effect, nonetheless, the obligations must be clear, punctilious and unconditional. This was identified in Van Duyn v Home force it was held by the Court of Justice that Article 3 (1) of the Residence and Public Policy, Security and Health Directive 54/221 was sufficiently precise to be capable of having direct effect, despite the fact that the scope of creation policy and public security would require determination by the Court. Therefore, it is likely that the Directive on the environmental performance of gas boilers will be capable of having direct effect if it is shown to be clear and precise as enunciated in Defrenne v Sabena. It may also be deemed unconditional on the basis that Member States are obliged to manufacture gas boilers in accordance with the provisions in the Directive Van Gend en Loos v Administratie der Belastingen. However, if the Directive is subject to additional measures, then it will not be capable of having direct effect Costa v ENEL. Overall, it seems as though the Commission has the ability to bring an end to the UKs infringements of EU law by commencing proceedings in the European Court of Justice. As there has been a failure by the UK to fulfil its treaty obligations, it is likely that the Commission will be successful in taking action against the UK. Nevertheless, the UK will still be able to put forward a number of defences, though it is unlikely that these will prove to be a success. Since the UK has made it clear that the Directive will be implemented shortly, the principle of sincere loyalty will most likely apply. Mr Steymann also has a legal right to pursue the matter himself through the national courts under the principle of direct effect. Before doing so, however, it would be appropriate for him to make a complaint to the Commission as this could then lead to the initiation of proceedings. In bringing the action himself, Mr Steymann will be required to show that the Directive has direct effect and that there is an appropriate remedy available.BibliographyBooksD Chalmers and G Davies. European Union Law drives and Materials, (London Cambridge University Press, 2010). S Anderson. The Enforcement of EU Law The Role of the European Commission, (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2012). S Weatherill. Cases and Materials on EU Law, (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2012).JournalsEUR-Lex. Document 12008E258 (2008) 27 July, 2014.Europa. The Direct way out of European Law (2010) 27 July, 2014.European Commission. Infringements of EU Law (2010) European Commission Application of EU Law, 27 July, 2014.R Haynes. Case C-582/08 Commission v United Kingdom (2010) De Voil Indirect Tax Intelligence, Volume 12 lie with 173.R Rawlings. Engaged Elites Citizen Action and Institutional Attitudes in Commission Enforcement (2006) European Law Journal, Volume 6, manage 4, 447.R White and A Dashwood. Enforcement Actions under Articles 169 and 170 EEC (1989) European Law Review, Volume 14, 388-389.S Enchelmaier. Always at Your Service (Within Limits) The ECJs Case Law on Article 56 TFEU (2006-11) (2011) European Law Review, Volume 36, No 5, 623. LegislationTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)Case LawAlfons Lutticke GmbH v Commission Case 48/65, 1962 ECR 501Commission v Austria Case 10/10, 2011 ECR I-5389Commission v Austria Case 194/01, 2004 ECR I-4579Commision v France Case 159/94, 1997 ECR I-5815, parity bit 103Commission v France Case 232/78, 1979 ECR 2729Commission v Germany Case 191/95, 1998 ECR I-5449, para 44Commission v Germany Case 74/91, 1992 ECR I-5437Commission v Greece Case 240/86, 1988 ECR 1835Commission v Italy Case 289/94, 1996 ECR I-4405, para 16Commission v Italy Case 78/00, 2001 ECR I-8195, point 65Commission v Italy Case 101/84, 1985 ECR 2629Commission v Luxembourg Case 473-93, 1996 ECR I-3207, para 19Commission v Luxembourg Case 490/09, 2005 ECR I-9811Commission v Netherlands Case 359/93, 1995 ECR I-157, para 15Commission v Portugal Case 20/09, 2011 ECR I-2637Commission v Spain Case 195/02, 2004 ECR I-7857Com mission v United Kingdom Case C-582/08, (15 July, 2010)Costa v ENELCase 6/64 1964 ECR 593Defrenne v Sabena Case 43/75 1976 ECR 455Germany v Commission T-258/06, 2010 ECR II-02027, para 153Joined Cases 142/80 and 143/80 Essevi and Salengo 1981 ECR 1413, para 15Star Fruit Co. v Commission Case 247/87, 1989 ECR 291Van Duyn v Home Office Case 41/74 1975 Ch 358 ECJVan Gend en Loos v Administratie der Belastingen Case 26/62 1963 ECR 1Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen Case 1953, 1953 ECR 1

Compass Records Essay

BackgroundsAlison Brown and her husband Gary West, who were both musicians, founded compass Records in 1995. apprehend Records is a small independent recording company that centered on folk and roots music. achieve Records occupies only a tiny part of the 32-billion dollar music recording industry, competing with some multi-national corporations dominating 86% of the business, such as Sony/BMG, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and EMI.However, the industry has witnessed a stagnant growth since 1995, with a decline on annual sales at a compound annual growth account of 5%. By 2005, Compass Records had grown to include nearly 50 artists under contract and were averaging nearly 20 releases a year. With 40% of its albums selling over 5,000 units, Compass Records turned a profit on 80% of its titles in 2005. Brown and West also acquired a $100,000 recording studio in whitethorn 2004 in order to give the label and its artists more flexibility in the creative process and exce pt $500 a day on studio rental.Problems* (General) Licensing vs. Producing and Own * Compass Records has to decide between licensing the sunk recordings, which is less risky and less expensive with a finite life to the next cash flows associated with the recordings, and producing and owning a master copy, which will be more risky and more expensive with an infinite life to the future cash flows associated with the recordings. * (Specific) How to maximize firm value through the Roscommon decision * Whether to license Adair Roscommons music or own the master recording outright.

Kraft Foods and Corporate Social Responsibility

worldwide Ch each(prenominal)engesIndividual Assignment kraft paper Foods and CSR.2012 Global Ch anyenges Table of Contents Table of Contents1 1. 0Introduction2 2. 0Application3 2. 1kraft paper Foods Inc. 3 2. 2PESTEL Analysis3 2. 3 ram Analysis5 2. 4Porters Five Forces5 2. 5 worry at Kraft Foods Inc. 6 3. 0Corporate Social certificate of indebtedness6 3. 1Impact of CSR on Kraft Foods Inc6 4. 0Conclusion7 5. 0 testimonys7 6. 0References8 1. 0 Introduction Management is a term that is used and heard of every twenty-four hour terminus and a role that is undertaken everywhere you go.Its the ability to maintain and produce the best from a team or from a task, the activity of completing a task using the resources that argon available and pickings responsibility of the situation in hand. Even as individualistics every single participates in charge in one build or another, whether its in a massage environment or simply from the everyday caterpillar track of life. In a business sense however, management is the jobs within an judicature charged with running the organisation on behalf of the beneficial owner (Pg no 294, Martin, 2005).This report is going to examine the different principles and warnings of management, how it can be applied to individual companies and businesses and then go on further to examine Corporate Social Responsibility and how firms use this. According to Mintzberg (1973) there argon ten management roles, these are Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson, signifierhead, Leader, Liaison, Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource electrical distributor and Negotiator. Mintzberg proposes that every managers role combines a number of roles, rather than ten individual roles. (Boddy, 2009) For example a CEO of a friendship could be a figurehead, a spokesperson, a attracter as well as the negotiator but he would assign the other roles to other particular(prenominal) managers or colleagues. Management involves a vast amount of conceptionning as its sets out the direction of the work that necessarily to be done and the objectives that need to be achieved. According to Boddy (2011) SMART acronym summarises criteria for assessing a set of cultivations. This covers circumstantial Does the polish set specific targets?Measurable Ensure you can measure the progress towards the attainment of the goal Attainable Assuring the goals are challenging but r from each oneable Rewarded- A reward is obtained for succeeding the goal Times The time scale of which the goal is to be achieved in Boddy (2010) proposes that goals and objectives are the same. However in cases like this it could be argued that they are different in which the goal is the overall target or aim, and the plan which looks at what is involved to obtain this goal is make up of individual objectives at each level.A widely used management model used within virtually every order is the Competing determine role model. It has been named as one of the fifty approx imately important models in the history of business and has been studied and time-tested in organisations for more than twenty louver years (CVF, 2009). The model is made up of four components and each quadrant represents a different model and the roles that are played within the model which can be seen in the diagram below in Figure 1. 1. The following section will demonstrate how the textile can be applied to individual companies. Figure 1. 1 Competing Values Framework.Source Octogram. last-place (2005) 2. 0 Application 3. 1 Kraft Foods Inc. Kraft Foods Inc. is the second largest food company in the world generating one-year revenue of ? 54. 4 billion. The company was founded in 1903 in Chicago, North America, where their headquarters are close up based, and shares began calling on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991. They have over 126,000 employees in over 70 countries and they sell products to consumers in clxx countries. Krafts products are divided into five categories snacks and cereals, beverages, cheese and dairy, grocery, and favorable meals.Popular household name brands include Philadelphia, Oreo and Cadburys, which they recently acquired in 2010 for $18. 5billion. The attainment created the worlds largest confectioner, and confectionary now makes up for 28% of their net revenues. (Kraft Foods, 2012) In 2011 Kraft announced its intent to create twain independent unexclusive companies by the end of 2012 as a strategic preliminary for growth one being a juicy growth global snack business and the other a high margin North American grocery business. 3. 2 PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis is a useful woodpecker to understand the macro-environment in which Kraft Food Inc. perates and how these factors affect the company. PESTEL framework helps evaluate the risks associated with trade growth or decline, and the position and direction of the company. (Bender and Ward, 2008) It examines six different segments, which are Political, Economic, So cial, Technological, Environmental and Legal. Although there are many factors which ignite under each of the segments of the PESTEL analysis it is important to analyse them and select the most significant factors which have the superlative effect on the company. POLITICAL Kraft Foods Inc. s report to various federal and state laws in the U. S relating to the protection of the environment. They also have manufacturing facilities in 70 countries and consumers in 170 countries which subjects them to individual environmental laws, health and hygiene regulations in every country which they operate. ECONOMIC As Kraft operates in 170 different countries, currency fluctuations and unfavourable exchange rates can put pressure on the companys earnings, particularly with the current Eurozone crisis. Increased unemployment in the U.S and other countries will lead consumers to hurt spending on premium quality products such(prenominal) as those made by Kraft Foods Inc. (Bloomberg,2010) fond Diet patterns are rapidly changing in emerging economies like Brazil, mainland China and India. The people in these countries are spending more on packaged food and this social drift has provided companies like Kraft to look towards emerging marketplaces to increase revenues. (Yahoo Finance, 2010) Consumers are also getting increasingly aware about health implications of food which can cause obesity. Federal Trade Commission reported that child obesity in the U.S has quadrupled in the last four decades (RWJF, 2008). Food and Beverage companies need to respond to these changes to maintain its market share and profits. TECHNOLOGICAL Kraft is investing heavily in forward-looking technology to reduce nose candy dioxide emission and protect the environment. They have adopted a policy where there is increased use of take and barge transport instead of using trucks. (Kraft Foods, 2010) ENVIRONMENTAL at that place is increased pressure from governments and the general public about th e way companies operate and their effect on the environment. In 2008 Kraft Foods Inc. ame under pressure when rainforest Action Network asked companies such as Kraft Foods Inc. to stop buying palm oil from Indonesia to sustain deforestation. (CNN, 2008) LEGAL Kraft operates in a highly regulated environment with a constantly evolving jural and regulatory framework around the world particularly when selling products for human consumption involves inherent risks such as contamination. Cadbury, now owned by Kraft Foods Inc. had to recall 11 chocolate types in China in 2008 when at least 50,000 babies fell ill and 4 died by milk tainted with an industrial chemical. (BBC, 2008) 3. SWOT Analysis Another approach that companies implement is the SWOT analysis. The core of this approach is a uncomplicated and eminently reasonable strategy that is concerned with identifying opportunities in the enterprises external environment (Pg No 721, Linstead, Fulop & Lilley, 2009). This analysis ex amines the strengths and weaknesses knowledgeable to the company and then the external opportunities and threats. In Kraft Foods Inc. case the strengths that can be identified are that they are the worlds second largest food company and they have strong brand law with over 100 years heritage.However their weaknesses are that the Cadburys scholarship resulted in added debt pressure and they are subject to cut throat competition from rivals such as Nestle. From the external point of view an opportunity for the company is that they could centre new products in the health related market such as introducing low lucubrate or organic products. But on the other hand a threat for Kraft is that the Cadburys acquisition resulted in a lot of protests and bad media from the British which resulted in a drop of profit margins. 3. 4 Porters Five ForcesPorters five forces is an analysis framework that identifies the competitiveness intensity and the five forces most relevant to the profitability of the company. According to Porter (1980a) the ability to earn an acceptable return depends on five forces the ability of new competitors to enter the industry, the threat of substitute products, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers and the contender amongst existing customers (Boddy, 2008, Pg No 93). This framework is demonstrated in the diagram below in Figure 2. 1. Figure 2. Porters Five Forces. Source Wikepedia When looking at the bargaining power of suppliers with Kraft Food Inc. suppliers do not hold much power to enforce the company to extract their profits due to the competitive temperament of the industry. Buyers however have an opportunity to extract firm profits as demand changes over the period of time. Due to intense competition in the market, there is a low possibility for new entrants to father the market, and the threat of substitute products is medium as Kraft Foods Inc. hold such a large market share in the industry.Finally compet itors such as Nestle and Kelloggs are spending massive sums of money for the promotion and advertising of their brands yet Kraft Foods Inc. is still the second largest in the world. 3. 5 Management at Kraft Foods Inc. As previously mentioned in the introduction, every businesss management model can be applied to the Current Values Framework. When analysing Krafts business strategy and management it is evident that their current dominant model is the reasoning(prenominal) Goal Model. This model focuses towards maximisation of output and make a profit.Of course, the vast majority of companies would be dominantly working from this model as every company needs to make a profit in order to survive although successful models of management relate to all four of the segments. The basic assumption of the Rational Goal Model is that clear direction leads to productive outcomes. There is a continuing emphasis on processes such as goal clarification, rational analysis, and action taking. on the whole conclusions are driven by consideration of the bottom line. (Taylor, 1911) Kraft Foods Inc. hows elements of dominantly using this model from their opponent acquisition of Cadburys and with their intent to create two independent public companies as a strategic approach for growth. 3. 0 Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is the business contribution to sustainable weakenment goals. Essentially it is about how business takes account of its economic, social and environmental impacts in the way it operates maximise the benefits and minimising the downsides. (CSR, 2009) 4. 6 Impact of CSR on Kraft Foods Inc Kraft Foods Inc. as thrown into the media in 2010 with their hostile acquisition of Cadburys. Cadburys unions opposed to the take-over in fear that there would be big job cuts, and UK politicians even weighed in voicing their concerns. Following the acquisition five senior executives of Cadburys quit and only 30% of the leadership position s were made available to Cadburys staff. (FT, 2010). By the end of the acquisition over four hundred jobs had been cut by Kraft, this was deemed as an extremely bad case of CSR, particularly in the social aspect and the company have been represent negatively in the media ever since.However, it is not all negative when it comes to Krafts CSR. Over the early(prenominal) 25 years they have donated more than $770 million in cash and food to those suffering from hurt and malnutrition. Kraft Foods ranked 23rd in the 2011 Corporate Social Responsibility Index and were recently awarded the fortunate Award for Environmental Excellence at the 4th Global CSR Awards 2012. (Kraft, 2012) They work with non-profit organizations such as provide America in the U. S. and Save the Children in Southeast Asia as well as helping develop healthy lifestyles programs for children in the U. S. , Russia and many other places. 4. 0 Conclusion In conclusion the above shows us how the management theory he lps us to analyse an organisation, and we can see how Kraft Foods Inc. operates successfully using the Rational Goal Model. They do however operate in a highly competitive food sector, where margins are diminishing, and they have to face tough competition from branded food as well as generic wine food manufacturers, particularly in this economic slowdown.Although the company does partake in a lot of CSR activities, a bad image always remains with customers for a lot longer than a positive one, and they still have a negative image portrayed on themselves from the hostile takeover of Cadburys. 5. 0 Recommendation Kraft Foods Inc. could benefit from repositioning their brand image in the markets to communicate with customers to remove the negative thought from their minds which arose after Cadburys acquisition. They should also consider moving towards the Human Relations model in the CVF which emphasises commitment, cohesion, and morale. The key value are participation, conflict reso lution, and consensus building. In this model the organisation takes on a team-oriented climate in which decision making is characterised by deep involvement. (Quinn, 1988) This would be beneficial in gaining trust and respect from the employees after all the conflict and job losses that arose from the acquisition of Cadburys. Another option for the company, as mentioned before in the SWOT analysis, is the expansion into new and developing markets which will aid the company in earning more profits to go through their debt requirements.With the consumer market becoming more health and environmentally conscious, organic and reduced fat content products could be a niche in the market for a confectioner such as themselves. 6. 0 References BBC (2008). melamine found in Cadbury goods. September 2008. Available www. bbc. co. uk Accessed 12 whitethorn 2012 Bender, R. and Ward, K. (2008). Corporate financial strategy. 3rd Ed. capital of the United Kingdom Macmillan p. 52-55. Bloomberg, Ho man, T. R. (2010). U. S. Employers Add Fewer Jobs Than Forecast. December 2010. Available www. Bloomberg. om Accessed 24 April 2012. Boddy, D (2011). Management, An Introduction. 5th ed. Essex Pearson. CNN, Gunther, M (2008). Eco-police find new targets. August 2008. Available www. money. cnn. com. Accessed 23 May 2012. CSR. gov. uk (2009). Available http//webarchive. nationalarchives. gov. uk/+/http//www. berr. gov. uk/whatwedo/sectors/sustainability/corp-responsibility/page45192. html/ Accessed 22 May 2012. CVF. (2009). Competing Values Framework An Introduction. Available http//competingvalues. com/competingvalues. om/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/The-Competing-Values-Framework-An-Introduction. pdf Last accessed 12 May 2012. FT. Elizabeth Rigby. (2010). Kraft hit by exodus of Cadbury executives. Available http//www. ft. com/cms/s/0/1dad970a-69c1-11df-8432-00144feab49a. htmlaxzz1viuO14PA. Last accessed 18 May 2012. Kraft Foods, close to us (2012) Available http//www. kraftfoodscompa ny. com/About/who-we-are/index. aspx Last accessed 28 April 2012 Kraft Foods CSR (2012) Community Involvement Available http//www. kraftfoodscompany. om/About/community-involvement/community-involvement. aspx Accessed 22 May 2012. Kraft Foods, Document Sheet (2011) Available http//www. kraftfoodscompany. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/pdf/kraft_foods_fact_sheet. pdf Last accessed 20 May 2012 Kraft Food Q1 Financial Figures http//phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=129070&p=irol-EventDetails&EventId=4756026 Linstead, S, Fulop, L and Lilley, S. (2009). Management & Organization. 2nd ed. London Palgrave McMillan. Pg No 721. Martin, J (2005).Organizational deportment and Management. London Thomson Learning. Octogram. (2005). CVF Framework. Available http//www. octogram. net/quinn-model Last accessed 6 May 2012. Porters Five Forces, Wikepedia. Available http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysis Accessed 22 May 2012. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008). Food and Beve rage Marketing to Children and Adolescents What Changes are Needed to Promote Healthy take Habits? October 2008. Available www. rwjf. org Accessed 22 May 2012 Taylor,